After ovulation, the lining of the empty follicle grows and forms a yellow body in the ovary called the corpus luteum , which temporarily functions as a hormone-producing organ. It secretes oestrogen and progesterone for about the next 14 days. Oestrogen thickens the fatty tissues in the wall of the uterus in case pregnancy occurs. Progesterone stops further ovulation from occurring during the pregnancy.
It means she cannot get pregnant again during this pregnancy, so all her resources can go towards nourishing and protecting the first fetus developing in her uterus. But if pregnancy does not occur within 14 days after ovulation, the corpus luteum degenerates and stops producing progesterone. As a result, the blood supply to this additional fatty tissue in the wall of the uterus is cut off, and it also degenerates and is shed through the vagina as the menstrual flow.
The levels of oestrogen can then begin to rise, and the woman can ovulate again in the following month. When an ovary releases a mature ovum ovulation , the fimbriae of the fallopian tube catch the ovum and convey it towards the uterus.
The male sperm swim along the fallopian tubes, and if they find the ovum, they fertilise it as you will see in Study Sessions 4 and 5.
The lining of the fallopian tubes and its secretions sustain both the ovum and the sperm, encourage fertilisation, and nourish the fertilised ovum until it reaches the uterus.
For further information, take a look at our frequently asked questions which may give you the support you need. Have a question? For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment. Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future.
Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward. Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring coming back or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials. Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred come back.
These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups. Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.
Treatment of advanced ovarian epithelial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer may include the following:. Treatment of recurrent ovarian epithelial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer may include the following:.
For more information from the National Cancer Institute about ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer, see the following:. For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions.
The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language.
Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish. NIH is the federal government's center of biomedical research.
The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer.
It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information.
The date on each summary "Updated" is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory.
Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works.
If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard. Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly.
However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].
If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute.
Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3, scientific images. The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement.
More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer. More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer. If you want to know more about cancer and how it is treated, or if you wish to know about clinical trials for your type of cancer, you can call the NCI's Cancer Information Service at , toll free. A trained information specialist can talk with you and answer your questions. This information does not replace the advice of a doctor.
Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Updated visitor guidelines. Top of the page.
General Information About Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer Ovarian epithelial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, and primary peritoneal cancer are diseases in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissue covering the ovary or lining the fallopian tube or peritoneum.
See the following PDQ treatment summaries for information about other types of ovarian tumors: Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumors Childhood Ovarian Cancer Treatment Ovarian epithelial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, and primary peritoneal cancer form in the same type of tissue and are treated the same way.
Women who have a family history of ovarian cancer are at an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Risk factors for ovarian cancer include the following: Family history of ovarian cancer in a first-degree relative mother, daughter, or sister.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy. Tall height. See the following PDQ summaries for more information: Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer Prevention Genetics of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers for health professionals Women with an increased risk of ovarian cancer may consider surgery to lessen the risk.
Signs and symptoms may include the following: Pain, swelling, or a feeling of pressure in the abdomen or pelvis. Sudden or frequent urge to urinate. It consists of a type of protective epithelial covering mesothelium and an underlying layer of thin connective tissue. It lines the abdominal cavity and pelvis parietal peritoneum and covers the visceral organs visceral peritoneum , thereby allowing organs to move freely. Cancer can begin in the peritoneum and then spread to the ovary.
The germinal epithelium of the ovary rests upon the ovarian stroma. The primordial germ cells embedded in the stroma are in the cortex of the ovary. In the nullipara, the ovary typically lies in the ovarian fossa, a depression in the pelvic wall below the external iliac vessels and in front of the ureter.
A mesovarium attaches the ovary to the posterior wall of the broad ligament, while the posterior margin is free. The peritoneum does not cover the ovary proper, which is covered by germinal epithelium.
At either end the ovary is supported by ligaments. At the tubal pole the ovary is attached to the suspensory ligament, a fold of peritoneum which forms a mesentery for the ovary and contains the ovarian vessels.
This suspensory ligament is often called the infundibulopelvic ligament. At the other pole is the uteroovarian ligament.
The hilus is the base of the ovary; at this point the ovarian blood vessels enter. The ovarian arteries arise from the abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries. They pass downward across the pelvic brim, cross the external iliac artery, and traverse the infundibulopelvic fold of peritoneum. Branches go to the ureter, round ligament, and tube and anastomose with the uterine artery.
As the ovarian artery passes through the mesovarium, it separates into multiple branches that enter the ovarian hilus. Each of these arteries divides into two medullary branches which cross the ovary. Cortical branches arise from the medullary branches and supply the cortex and follicles.
Two prominent veins enter the hilus and, in general, follow the arterial pattern. At the hilus venous drainage forms a pampiniform plexus, which consolidates to form the ovarian vein. On the right side the ovarian vein drains into the inferior vena cava, while the left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein. The ovarian as well as the uterine blood supply frequently is anomalous. The nerve supply derives from a sympathetic plexus accompanying the vessels of the infundibulopelvic ligaments.
Hilus cells, which are nonencapsulated nests of large vacuolated cells, frequently are found in the hilus of the ovary. These cells are similar to the interstitial or Leydig cells of the testis.
Any discussion of the ovary should include those portions of the mesonephric wolffian tubules and duct that persist in the adult female as vestigial structures between the peritoneal layers of the broad ligament. The epoophoron lies in the mesosalpinx between the tube and the ovary. It usually consists of 8—20 small tubules which join a common duct at right angles. Ordinarily the longitudinal duct has blind ends, but it may be prolonged as Gartner's duct.
Mesonephric duct vestiges known as Gartner's duct cysts may be found alongside the uterus, cervix, or vagina. Vestiges of the mesonephric tubules also may be present as clear pedunculated cysts below the fimbria of the tube.
Medial to the epoophoron lies the paroophoron, a rudimentary organ with a few scattered tubules. It likewise is of mesonephric origin. These mesonephric vestiges are of clinical importance, since they occasionally give rise to cysts which require surgical excision. In the female embryo, primitive germ cells migrate from the epithelial lining of the hindgut and invade the subjacent layer of mesenchyma in the sexually undifferentiated gonad.
These cells form radial cords and consist of primordial egg cells and cellular masses of prospective granulosa cells. As the fetus develops, the germinal cords become segregated into islands, each containing several germinal cells. At birth the full-term infant already has developing and degenerating follicles. A primordial follicle consists of an oocyte with a layer of follicular cells surrounding it.
When such a follicle is to undergo ovulation, marked changes occur in the egg and its follicular cells Fig. The ovum reaches its mature size as the antrum appears in the follicle. Concurrent with the growth of the oocyte, the granulosa cells proliferate and a multi-layered structure develops.
An outer connective tissue sheath derived from the ovarian stroma is formed. This sheath is called the theca and subsequently divides into the theca externa and theca interna. Life history of the ovarian follicle. Approximately 1 of follicles fully matures as shown on lower line , ruptures, and becomes a corpus luteum. The other become atretic. The final stage of both the atretic follicle and the corpus luteum is the corpus atreticum, with eventual reabsorption of this scar into the stroma of the ovary.
At first the developing follicle sinks deeper into the cortex, but as it increases in size it again returns to the surface. A theca cone develops, its axis pointing to the surface. At the same time the zona pellucida, a clear zone around the ovum, forms.
An antrum or cell-free area containing follicular fluid develops. Surrounding the oocyte is a cluster of granulosa cells resembling a small mound, upon which the oocyte rests; this is called the cumulus oophorus Fig. As ovulation approaches, the follicle bulges and the wall thins. The basic mechanism which precipitates ovulation has not been determined; it is obviously hormone related.
G raafian follicle of the human ovary. The eccentric location of the primordial germ cell is seen in the graafian follicle. Following rupture of the follicle and extrusion of the ovum, bleeding occurs at the rupture site and a blood clot forms. This is called the corpus hemorrhagicum. Granulosa cells grow into this clot, and the resulting mass of cells is known as the corpus luteum Fig.
Photomicrograph low power of the corpus luteum of the human ovary. The developing corpus luteum with the central hemmorrhagic area is contiguous to a graafian follicle. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw , TeLinde's Operative Gynecology, 8th edn. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Ravens, Philadelphia, Mosby-Elsevier, Obstet Gynecol Surv , We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience from our website. By using the website or clicking OK we will assume you are happy to receive all cookies from us.
0コメント