Menstruation only occurs when a person is not pregnant. Although it is possible for women to experience some bleeding during pregnancy, this will not be due to their menstrual cycle. Some women also do not have any periods while breast-feeding.
However, they may still begin to ovulate again soon after giving birth. Therefore, doctors may recommend some form of birth control while a woman is breast-feeding if she does not wish to get pregnant. The menstrual cycle occurs to facilitate pregnancy. Ovulation , when the ovary releases an egg, occurs midway through the cycle.
An egg is only viable for about 12—24 hours after a woman ovulates. If sperm cells are present and able to fertilize the egg, the egg will implant itself in the uterus, resulting in pregnancy. If there is no fertilization, menstruation will occur, and the body will shed the uterine lining so that it can begin making a new one for the next cycle. Although a woman will not have a period when she is pregnant, she may still experience some bleeding.
While bleeding is not necessarily a sign of an underlying problem, it is essential to understand the potential causes and know when to speak to a doctor. Bleeding tends to be more common during the first trimester. Some mild spotting can occur as the placenta implants in the uterus. A woman can also experience changes in the cervical cells during pregnancy, which may cause some light bleeding, especially after having sex. If a woman does experience bleeding at any stage of pregnancy and is concerned, she should note the color, amount, and consistency of the bleeding and speak to a doctor.
Women should seek emergency medical attention for bleeding during pregnancy if they have additional symptoms that include:. Vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain early in pregnancy may be a sign of ectopic pregnancy, especially if these symptoms occur before an initial ultrasound. This is especially true if their periods are regular and they have a day menstrual cycle. However, given the fluid nature of the fertile window, people who do not want to become pregnant should still use contraception at this time.
Sperm cells can only fertilize an egg within a hour window after ovulation. If a person knows when they have ovulated and counts w days from ovulation, they should no longer be able to get pregnant before their next period. It is, however, possible for a person to get pregnant immediately after their period.
This is because sperm can still fertilize eggs for 3—5 days after sexual intercourse. If a person with a short cycle has sexual intercourse right after their period and happens to ovulate early, they may ovulate quickly enough for the egg to connect with sperm cells. This window lasts a few days before ovulation and ends a day after ovulation.
During this time, it is easiest for a person to become pregnant. However, even though most people ovulate regularly from the time they start their period until menopause , ovulation does not always occur on the same day of the week every month, or even at the same point in the menstrual cycle every month. The chances of becoming pregnant on or just after the period ends depends on when a person has sexual intercourse, the length of their menstrual cycle, and the exact day they ovulate during that menstrual cycle.
This, and the fact that sperm can remain viable for up to 5 days, makes it easy to see why experts recommend that people who do not wish to conceive always use contraception.
People who do wish to conceive can monitor their fertility and track their ovulation to increase the chances. Regardless of whether a person is more interested in starting or preventing a pregnancy, it is helpful for them to know how long their menstrual cycles are and when they typically ovulate.
Although it is possible for any person to get pregnant on their period, it is less likely for those with longer cycles. Read the article in Spanish. Learn more. Fetal macrosomia is a condition wherein a baby is born at a heavier birth weight than usual. Learn more about fetal macrosomia here. Hakakha explains. You can get pregnant while on your period, but the chances are very slim.
In the same vein, you may question whether you can get pregnant on your period while on birth control pills — in other words, during the inactive placebo pill week. The short answer is yes, because the pill is not percent effective even when used perfectly, and "typical" use makes it 91 percent effective.
However, with correct and consistent use, the pill protects against conception just as well on inactive pill days as it does during the rest of the month. You can conceive even if you aren't ovulating. By as early as the third day of your menstrual cycle, your levels of the reproductive hormones progesterone and estrogen, which taper off at the start of your period, begin to climb and help your uterine lining rebuild.
Although an egg isn't released during in the immediate post-period phase, called pre-ovulation, your chances of conceiving then are good. That's because sperm can live up to five days in hospitable cervical mucus. Bayer, M. Not every woman follows a to day cycle. In addition, some women experience breakthrough spotting or bleeding between periods. This can occur during ovulation and be mistaken for a period, making it difficult to establish the exact place in the menstrual cycle.
If you had unprotected sex during your period and are concerned that you may be pregnant, look out for symptoms like mild lower abdominal cramping, spotting implantation spotting , a fairly common cause of bleeding once the egg has been fertilized , breast tenderness and moodiness.
These symptoms can occur as early as two weeks after ovulation.
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